* [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) @ 2021-02-07 8:28 thelma 2021-02-07 11:09 ` Neil Bothwick 0 siblings, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: thelma @ 2021-02-07 8:28 UTC (permalink / raw To: Gentoo mailing list I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display manger (for simplicity). I start X from: ~/.bash_profile exec startx -- vt1 but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" (EE) Fatal server error: (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 8:28 [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) thelma @ 2021-02-07 11:09 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-07 19:10 ` thelma 0 siblings, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-07 11:09 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user [-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 741 bytes --] On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 01:28:39 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display manger > (for simplicity). I start X from: > > ~/.bash_profile > exec startx -- vt1 > > but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: > > (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" > (EE) > Fatal server error: > (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) > Of course you are, because you are still trying to start X. If you must start X from .bash_profile, you need something like [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... to only start it when not using SSH. -- Neil Bothwick Mac screen message: "Like, dude, something went wrong." [-- Attachment #2: OpenPGP digital signature --] [-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --] ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 11:09 ` Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-07 19:10 ` thelma 2021-02-07 19:26 ` Neil Bothwick 0 siblings, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: thelma @ 2021-02-07 19:10 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2/7/21 4:09 AM, Neil Bothwick wrote: > On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 01:28:39 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > >> I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display manger >> (for simplicity). I start X from: >> >> ~/.bash_profile >> exec startx -- vt1 >> >> but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: >> >> (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" >> (EE) >> Fatal server error: >> (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) >> > > Of course you are, because you are still trying to start X. If you must > start X from .bash_profile, you need something like > > [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... > > to only start it when not using SSH. What do you suggest? I was planning to get away from "slim" as I think it is getting more unstable; I just need a simple system to start X, log-in over ssh and use x2go session. I removed startx from .bash_profile and put in: ~/.xinitrc "exec startxfce4" and I was under impression that xfce4 will start automatically when I log-in but instead I get a user command prompt and have to type: startxfce4 But now ssh login works and x2go-session works as well. So why isn't startxfce4 starts automatically, what am I missing? ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 19:10 ` thelma @ 2021-02-07 19:26 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-07 19:38 ` thelma 0 siblings, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-07 19:26 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user [-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1380 bytes --] On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 12:10:50 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > On 2/7/21 4:09 AM, Neil Bothwick wrote: > > On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 01:28:39 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > > > >> I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display manger > >> (for simplicity). I start X from: > >> > >> ~/.bash_profile > >> exec startx -- vt1 > >> > >> but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: > >> > >> (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" > >> (EE) > >> Fatal server error: > >> (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission > >> denied) > > > > Of course you are, because you are still trying to start X. If you > > must start X from .bash_profile, you need something like > > > > [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... > > > > to only start it when not using SSH. > > What do you suggest? > I was planning to get away from "slim" as I think it is getting more > unstable; I just need a simple system to start X, log-in over ssh and > use x2go session. Why do you need to start X, doesn't x2go run its own X session? You are trying to start X in an SSH session, which is what gives your error. The line I suggested runs startx only if you are not logging in via SSH. No display manager is involved. -- Neil Bothwick If you got the words it does not mean you got the knowledge. [-- Attachment #2: OpenPGP digital signature --] [-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --] ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 19:26 ` Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-07 19:38 ` thelma 2021-02-07 20:14 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-09 4:44 ` cal 0 siblings, 2 replies; 14+ messages in thread From: thelma @ 2021-02-07 19:38 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2/7/21 12:26 PM, Neil Bothwick wrote: > On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 12:10:50 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > >> On 2/7/21 4:09 AM, Neil Bothwick wrote: >>> On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 01:28:39 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: >>> >>>> I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display manger >>>> (for simplicity). I start X from: >>>> >>>> ~/.bash_profile >>>> exec startx -- vt1 >>>> >>>> but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: >>>> >>>> (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" >>>> (EE) >>>> Fatal server error: >>>> (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission >>>> denied) >>> >>> Of course you are, because you are still trying to start X. If you >>> must start X from .bash_profile, you need something like >>> >>> [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... >>> >>> to only start it when not using SSH. >> >> What do you suggest? >> I was planning to get away from "slim" as I think it is getting more >> unstable; I just need a simple system to start X, log-in over ssh and >> use x2go session. > > Why do you need to start X, doesn't x2go run its own X session? You are > trying to start X in an SSH session, which is what gives your error. The > line I suggested runs startx only if you are not logging in via SSH. No > display manager is involved. Maybe I wasn't clear. No, I don't start any X over ssh. When I'm directly in front of the PC and I have a log-in screen and type user ID + passwords I was under impression that "startxfce4" would run automatically when from .xinitrc ~/.xinitrc exec startxfce4 but it doesn't, when I log-in the XFCE4 is not starting automatically, I have to type manually: startxfce4 ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 19:38 ` thelma @ 2021-02-07 20:14 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-07 21:01 ` thelma 2021-02-09 4:44 ` cal 1 sibling, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-07 20:14 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user [-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1573 bytes --] On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 12:38:25 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > >>>> I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display > >>>> manger (for simplicity). I start X from: > >>>> > >>>> ~/.bash_profile > >>>> exec startx -- vt1 > >>>> > >>>> but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: > >>>> > >>>> (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" > >>>> (EE) > >>>> Fatal server error: > >>>> (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission > >>>> denied) > >>> > >>> Of course you are, because you are still trying to start X. If you > >>> must start X from .bash_profile, you need something like > >>> > >>> [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... > >>> > >>> to only start it when not using SSH. > >> > >> What do you suggest? > >> I was planning to get away from "slim" as I think it is getting more > >> unstable; I just need a simple system to start X, log-in over ssh and > >> use x2go session. > > > > Why do you need to start X, doesn't x2go run its own X session? You > > are trying to start X in an SSH session, which is what gives your > > error. The line I suggested runs startx only if you are not logging > > in via SSH. No display manager is involved. > > Maybe I wasn't clear. No, I don't start any X over ssh. But you do, because you run it from .bash_profile whenever you login. That's why I suggested an alternative command that wouldn't do that. -- Neil Bothwick Hospitality: making your guests feel like they're at home, even if you wish they were. [-- Attachment #2: OpenPGP digital signature --] [-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --] ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 20:14 ` Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-07 21:01 ` thelma 2021-02-07 21:04 ` Neil Bothwick 0 siblings, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: thelma @ 2021-02-07 21:01 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2/7/21 1:14 PM, Neil Bothwick wrote: > On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 12:38:25 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > >>>>>> I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display >>>>>> manger (for simplicity). I start X from: >>>>>> >>>>>> ~/.bash_profile >>>>>> exec startx -- vt1 >>>>>> >>>>>> but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: >>>>>> >>>>>> (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" >>>>>> (EE) >>>>>> Fatal server error: >>>>>> (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission >>>>>> denied) >>>>> >>>>> Of course you are, because you are still trying to start X. If you >>>>> must start X from .bash_profile, you need something like >>>>> >>>>> [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... >>>>> >>>>> to only start it when not using SSH. >>>> >>>> What do you suggest? >>>> I was planning to get away from "slim" as I think it is getting more >>>> unstable; I just need a simple system to start X, log-in over ssh and >>>> use x2go session. >>> >>> Why do you need to start X, doesn't x2go run its own X session? You >>> are trying to start X in an SSH session, which is what gives your >>> error. The line I suggested runs startx only if you are not logging >>> in via SSH. No display manager is involved. >> >> Maybe I wasn't clear. No, I don't start any X over ssh. > > But you do, because you run it from .bash_profile whenever you login. > That's why I suggested an alternative command that wouldn't do that. OK, according to Gentoo-wiki: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Start_X_on_login ~/.bash_profile if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startx; fi The above command works. with: ~/.xinitrc exec startxfce4 Both ssh and x2go sessions (both: connect to local desktop and XFCE) work correctly. ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 21:01 ` thelma @ 2021-02-07 21:04 ` Neil Bothwick 0 siblings, 0 replies; 14+ messages in thread From: Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-07 21:04 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user [-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1279 bytes --] On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 14:01:57 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > >>>>> [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... > >>>>> > >>>>> to only start it when not using SSH. > >>>> > >>>> What do you suggest? > >>>> I was planning to get away from "slim" as I think it is getting > >>>> more unstable; I just need a simple system to start X, log-in over > >>>> ssh and use x2go session. > >>> > >>> Why do you need to start X, doesn't x2go run its own X session? You > >>> are trying to start X in an SSH session, which is what gives your > >>> error. The line I suggested runs startx only if you are not logging > >>> in via SSH. No display manager is involved. > >> > >> Maybe I wasn't clear. No, I don't start any X over ssh. > > > > But you do, because you run it from .bash_profile whenever you login. > > That's why I suggested an alternative command that wouldn't do that. > > OK, according to Gentoo-wiki: > https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Start_X_on_login > > ~/.bash_profile > if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startx; fi > The above command works. It is effectively the same as the one I suggested right at the start of this thread. -- Neil Bothwick Windows95 - crash compatible on Windows 3.x [-- Attachment #2: OpenPGP digital signature --] [-- Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 833 bytes --] ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-07 19:38 ` thelma 2021-02-07 20:14 ` Neil Bothwick @ 2021-02-09 4:44 ` cal 2021-02-09 4:59 ` thelma 2021-02-10 13:35 ` antlists 1 sibling, 2 replies; 14+ messages in thread From: cal @ 2021-02-09 4:44 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2/7/21 11:38 AM, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > On 2/7/21 12:26 PM, Neil Bothwick wrote: >> On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 12:10:50 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: >> >>> On 2/7/21 4:09 AM, Neil Bothwick wrote: >>>> On Sun, 7 Feb 2021 01:28:39 -0700, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: >>>> >>>>> I disable "slim" login manager and try not to use any display manger >>>>> (for simplicity). I start X from: >>>>> >>>>> ~/.bash_profile >>>>> exec startx -- vt1 >>>>> >>>>> but now when I try to ssh as user, I get: >>>>> >>>>> (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d" >>>>> (EE) >>>>> Fatal server error: >>>>> (EE) xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission >>>>> denied) >>>> >>>> Of course you are, because you are still trying to start X. If you >>>> must start X from .bash_profile, you need something like >>>> >>>> [ -z "$SSH_TTY" ] && startx ... >>>> >>>> to only start it when not using SSH. >>> >>> What do you suggest? >>> I was planning to get away from "slim" as I think it is getting more >>> unstable; I just need a simple system to start X, log-in over ssh and >>> use x2go session. >> >> Why do you need to start X, doesn't x2go run its own X session? You are >> trying to start X in an SSH session, which is what gives your error. The >> line I suggested runs startx only if you are not logging in via SSH. No >> display manager is involved. > > Maybe I wasn't clear. No, I don't start any X over ssh. > > When I'm directly in front of the PC and I have a log-in screen and type user ID + passwords > I was under impression that "startxfce4" would run automatically when from .xinitrc > ~/.xinitrc > exec startxfce4 > > but it doesn't, when I log-in the XFCE4 is not starting automatically, I have to type manually: startxfce4 > I see you have already solved your problem. But it bears mentioning: .xinitrc is executed by runing `startx`, not by the login shell. ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-09 4:44 ` cal @ 2021-02-09 4:59 ` thelma 2021-02-10 1:04 ` thelma 2021-02-10 13:35 ` antlists 1 sibling, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: thelma @ 2021-02-09 4:59 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2/8/21 9:44 PM, cal wrote: [snip] >> >> When I'm directly in front of the PC and I have a log-in screen and type user ID + passwords >> I was under impression that "startxfce4" would run automatically when from .xinitrc >> ~/.xinitrc >> exec startxfce4 >> >> but it doesn't, when I log-in the XFCE4 is not starting automatically, I have to type manually: startxfce4 >> > I see you have already solved your problem. But it bears mentioning: .xinitrc is executed by runing `startx`, not by the login shell. I see, so instead of going around and calling .xinitrc from .bash_profile why not call startxfce4 directly from .bash_profile Instead of: if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startx; fi start as: if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startxfce4; fi It should work. ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-09 4:59 ` thelma @ 2021-02-10 1:04 ` thelma 2021-02-10 4:56 ` cal 0 siblings, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: thelma @ 2021-02-10 1:04 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2/8/21 9:59 PM, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > On 2/8/21 9:44 PM, cal wrote: > [snip] >>> >>> When I'm directly in front of the PC and I have a log-in screen and type user ID + passwords >>> I was under impression that "startxfce4" would run automatically when from .xinitrc >>> ~/.xinitrc >>> exec startxfce4 >>> >>> but it doesn't, when I log-in the XFCE4 is not starting automatically, I have to type manually: startxfce4 >>> >> I see you have already solved your problem. But it bears mentioning: .xinitrc is executed by runing `startx`, not by the login shell. > > I see, so instead of going around and calling .xinitrc from .bash_profile > > why not call startxfce4 directly from .bash_profile > > Instead of: > if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startx; fi > > start as: > if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startxfce4; fi > > It should work. With the above setup starting "startxfce4" from .bash_profile, I get an error when ssh: "No xauth data; using fake authentication data for X11 forwarding." This error does not show up when "startxfce4" is run from .xinitrc I don't know what difference it makes how xfce4 is started. ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-10 1:04 ` thelma @ 2021-02-10 4:56 ` cal 0 siblings, 0 replies; 14+ messages in thread From: cal @ 2021-02-10 4:56 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2/9/21 5:04 PM, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: > On 2/8/21 9:59 PM, thelma@sys-concept.com wrote: >> On 2/8/21 9:44 PM, cal wrote: >> [snip] >>>> >>>> When I'm directly in front of the PC and I have a log-in screen and type user ID + passwords >>>> I was under impression that "startxfce4" would run automatically when from .xinitrc >>>> ~/.xinitrc >>>> exec startxfce4 >>>> >>>> but it doesn't, when I log-in the XFCE4 is not starting automatically, I have to type manually: startxfce4 >>>> >>> I see you have already solved your problem. But it bears mentioning: .xinitrc is executed by runing `startx`, not by the login shell. >> >> I see, so instead of going around and calling .xinitrc from .bash_profile >> >> why not call startxfce4 directly from .bash_profile >> >> Instead of: >> if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startx; fi >> >> start as: >> if [[ -z $DISPLAY ]] && [[ $(tty) = /dev/tty1 ]]; then exec startxfce4; fi >> >> It should work. > > With the above setup starting "startxfce4" from .bash_profile, I get an error when ssh: > "No xauth data; using fake authentication data for X11 forwarding." > > This error does not show up when "startxfce4" is run from .xinitrc > I don't know what difference it makes how xfce4 is started. > > startx does some additional work besides just running the .xinitrc script. If you are not using a display manager, startx is the correct way to start X, with .xinitrc containing the commands to launch your window manager. My .xinitrc: if [ -d /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d ]; then for f in /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/*; do [ -x "$f" ] && . "$f" done unset f fi exec dbus-launch --exit-with-session i3 ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* Re: [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-09 4:44 ` cal 2021-02-09 4:59 ` thelma @ 2021-02-10 13:35 ` antlists 2021-02-10 14:48 ` [gentoo-user] " Grant Edwards 1 sibling, 1 reply; 14+ messages in thread From: antlists @ 2021-02-10 13:35 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 09/02/2021 04:44, cal wrote: >> but it doesn't, when I log-in the XFCE4 is not starting automatically, >> I have to type manually: startxfce4 >> > I see you have already solved your problem. But it bears mentioning: > .xinitrc is executed by runing `startx`, not by the login shell. Indeed, I don't know what "rc" at the end stands for, but if a file ends in rc it is almost always a *config* file, which is *read* by the target of interest. It is in no way shape or form an executable of any sort. Cheers, Wol ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
* [gentoo-user] Re: xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) 2021-02-10 13:35 ` antlists @ 2021-02-10 14:48 ` Grant Edwards 0 siblings, 0 replies; 14+ messages in thread From: Grant Edwards @ 2021-02-10 14:48 UTC (permalink / raw To: gentoo-user On 2021-02-10, antlists <antlists@youngman.org.uk> wrote: > On 09/02/2021 04:44, cal wrote: >>> but it doesn't, when I log-in the XFCE4 is not starting automatically, >>> I have to type manually: startxfce4 >> >> I see you have already solved your problem. But it bears mentioning: >> .xinitrc is executed by runing `startx`, not by the login shell. > > Indeed, I don't know what "rc" at the end stands for, but if a file ends > in rc it is almost always a *config* file, which is *read* by the target > of interest. It is in no way shape or form an executable of any sort. IIRC, rc originally stood for "run commands", and it contained a list of commands for the application to run during initialization. They are almostly always not executable, but rather configuration commands in some application-specific syntax. -- Grant ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 14+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2021-02-10 14:48 UTC | newest] Thread overview: 14+ messages (download: mbox.gz follow: Atom feed -- links below jump to the message on this page -- 2021-02-07 8:28 [gentoo-user] xf86OpenConsole: Cannot open virtual console 1 (Permission denied) thelma 2021-02-07 11:09 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-07 19:10 ` thelma 2021-02-07 19:26 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-07 19:38 ` thelma 2021-02-07 20:14 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-07 21:01 ` thelma 2021-02-07 21:04 ` Neil Bothwick 2021-02-09 4:44 ` cal 2021-02-09 4:59 ` thelma 2021-02-10 1:04 ` thelma 2021-02-10 4:56 ` cal 2021-02-10 13:35 ` antlists 2021-02-10 14:48 ` [gentoo-user] " Grant Edwards
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