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R_SPF_ALLOW(0.00)[+mx]; HAS_REPLYTO(0.00)[confabulate@kintzios.com] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 06FC01E0007 X-Archives-Salt: 4ac79dda-2df9-4b2a-9dd4-9ce0a918e6f7 X-Archives-Hash: 503cce0b70b9df0bb2dd633436769c3d --nextPart116012919.nniJfEyVGO Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; protected-headers="v1" From: Michael To: gentoo-user@lists.gentoo.org Reply-To: confabulate@kintzios.com Date: Tue, 18 Feb 2025 23:25:28 +0000 Message-ID: <2240299.Icojqenx9y@rogueboard> In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 On Tuesday 18 February 2025 21:18:03 Greenwich Mean Time Grant Edwards wrot= e: > On 2025-02-18, Philip Webb wrote: > > 250218 Frank Steinmetzger wrote: > >> I recommend an external USB case with an NVMe SSD inside. > >> This may not be as compact and not as cheap, > >> but they are much much much faster and probably longer-lasting > >> than any USB stick, because their flash controllers are more > >> sophisticated > >> and the parts of higher fidelity. A not-too-cheap NVMe will do fine, > >> as long as it=E2=80=99s TLC, not QLC flash. > >=20 > > Can you explain this -- TLC/QLC -- in more detail ? >=20 > Tri-Level Cells, Quad-Level Cells. >=20 > SLC (single-level cells) >=20 > Each "cell" consists of a capacitor (constructed as a FET with an > isolated-gate). In the old days, the capacitor was either chared or > not: two levels. One bit per cell. Easy to make and reliable. If > you want more bits, layout more cells. That means larger dies, which > means more money. >=20 > MLC (two-level cells) >=20 > OK, let's also do four different charge levels! You get _two_ bits > per cell with the same area of silicon. Harder to do and not quite as > reliable, so we'll add a few extra blocks of cells and make software > deal with blocks that don't work. >=20 > TLC (tri-level cells) >=20 > Hey, what if we do 8 different charge levels! Now you get 4 bits per > cell. Even harder to do, even less reliable... >=20 >=20 > QLC (quad-level cells) >=20 > [I think you see where this is going] Yep, SLC > MLC > TLC > QLC in terms of performance, reliability, longevity = and=20 price. The phenomenal decrease in price per GB/TB over time is just that. = =20 Phenomenal. For reasons Grant explained it comes with measured reduction i= n=20 reliability and longevity. Since they come with fast(er) DRAM cache which = to=20 some extent masks the underlying NAND performance, with other things being= =20 equal it makes sense to choose one with faster/larger DRAM. I think most=20 consumer grade cards these days tend to be TLC and the cheaper ones QLC. Q= LC=20 ought to outlast a conventional USB stick, but given a choice I'd opt for T= LC. --nextPart116012919.nniJfEyVGO Content-Type: application/pgp-signature; name="signature.asc" Content-Description: This is a digitally signed message part. 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