[gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[lordsauronthegreat]

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I've been trying to find why I am unable to use GnuPG-agent to sign my 
messages in KMail, and rather have to type in a password in all the time 
through KGPG.  The problem is that the GnuPG agent in the x86 area is version 
1.4.2.2, yet KMail demands verison 1.9

I don't think it wise to change to ~x86, yet I still would like to use GnuPG's 
agent.  I think my options are as such:

1)  Download version 1.9 from GnuPG's website and install it.  Why haven't I 
done this?  I don't know how to install something in Gentoo without it being 
as simple as emerge.  I don't know how to install from a file on the hard 
drive.

2)  Forget KMail and signing my messages and go back to GMail.

3)  Continue typing in my password every time I send a email.

4)  Hack my way through some older versions of KMail and rip out the demand 
for a new version of GnuPG and replace it with the older part of KMail that 
could work with 1.4.  Not a fun idea, 'cause I want to go do other things.

I find it curious that such a problem is living in current source repository 
for Gentoo.  I'm positive this isn't intentional, but at very least I'd like 
to know if anything's being done to fix it.  Plus, if GnuPG 1.9 is so 
experimental, then how can KMail need 1.9?  It makes no sense to me...

Thanks for your help!

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Mick]

On 23/04/06, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com <lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com> wrote:
> I've been trying to find why I am unable to use GnuPG-agent to sign my
> messages in KMail, and rather have to type in a password in all the time
> through KGPG.  The problem is that the GnuPG agent in the x86 area is version
> 1.4.2.2, yet KMail demands verison 1.9
>
> I don't think it wise to change to ~x86, yet I still would like to use GnuPG's
> agent.  I think my options are as such:
>
> 1)  Download version 1.9 from GnuPG's website and install it.  Why haven't I
> done this?  I don't know how to install something in Gentoo without it being
> as simple as emerge.  I don't know how to install from a file on the hard
> drive.
>
> 2)  Forget KMail and signing my messages and go back to GMail.
>
> 3)  Continue typing in my password every time I send a email.
>
> 4)  Hack my way through some older versions of KMail and rip out the demand
> for a new version of GnuPG and replace it with the older part of KMail that
> could work with 1.4.  Not a fun idea, 'cause I want to go do other things.
>
> I find it curious that such a problem is living in current source repository
> for Gentoo.  I'm positive this isn't intentional, but at very least I'd like
> to know if anything's being done to fix it.  Plus, if GnuPG 1.9 is so
> experimental, then how can KMail need 1.9?  It makes no sense to me...

I've added 1.9 in /etc/portage/package.keywords like so:
==========================
=app-crypt/gpg-agent-1.9.19 ~x86
=dev-libs/libksba-0.9.12 ~x86
=dev-libs/libassuan-0.6.10 ~x86
==========================
and emerged gpg-agent.  I think that would be the easiest way to
achieve what you want.
--
Regards,
Mick

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Alexander Skwar]

lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com wrote:

> 1)  Download version 1.9 from GnuPG's website and install it.

GnuPG 1.9 is in ~x86. If you add it to your keywords file, you'll
get it.

> I find it curious that such a problem is living in current source repository 
> for Gentoo.

What problem?

 >  I'm positive this isn't intentional, but at very least I'd like
> to know if anything's being done to fix it.

Fix what?

Alexander Skwar
-- 
Laura's Law:
	No child throws up in the bathroom.
-- 
gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list

Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Abhay Kedia]

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On Sunday 23 April 2006 11:36, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com wrote:
> through KGPG.  The problem is that the GnuPG agent in the x86 area is
> version 1.4.2.2, yet KMail demands verison 1.9
>
The main problem is that gpg-agent has been "Package Masked" in favour of 
gnupg-1.9.20-r1. So KMail demands next best alternative i.e. the keyword 
masked gnupg-1.9.20. Just add it to your package.keywords and install it. It 
is not causing any problems :)

-- 
Regards,
Abhay

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[lordsauronthegreat]

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On Sunday 23 April 2006 10:39 pm, Alexander Skwar wrote:
> lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com wrote:
> > 1)  Download version 1.9 from GnuPG's website and install it.
>
> GnuPG 1.9 is in ~x86. If you add it to your keywords file, you'll
> get it.

Where is my keywords file?  I'm still extremely new to portage in general.

> > I find it curious that such a problem is living in current source
> > repository for Gentoo.
>
> What problem?

That without editing stuff (like the keywords file) KMail's GnuPG encryption 
won't work because of a broken (but not listed, since it's not 100% critical 
to program functioning) dependency.  It's the sort of thing that I can 
understand, but don't think that it should have snuk through a milestone 
release like that.

>  >  I'm positive this isn't intentional, but at very least I'd like
> >
> > to know if anything's being done to fix it.
>
> Fix what?

See the above.

> Laura's Law:
> 	No child throws up in the bathroom.

I did.

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[lordsauronthegreat]

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On Monday 24 April 2006 02:42 pm, Abhay Kedia wrote:
> On Sunday 23 April 2006 11:36, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com wrote:
> > through KGPG.  The problem is that the GnuPG agent in the x86 area is
> > version 1.4.2.2, yet KMail demands verison 1.9
>
> The main problem is that gpg-agent has been "Package Masked" in favour of
> gnupg-1.9.20-r1. So KMail demands next best alternative i.e. the keyword
> masked gnupg-1.9.20. Just add it to your package.keywords and install it.
> It is not causing any problems :)

Call me stringent or just plain old a software Nazi, but for me if it doesn't 
work out-of-the-box something more needs to be done.  Well, don't always 
listen to me on these things... my development group has a motto: "Nothing 
less than perfection."

I don't like ultra-configuring things, though I don't mind it personally.  
However, to remain marketable, you do have to make sure that there is a way 
to do things without sending your user through a massive quest for the Holy  
Grail to make their email client work!

I'm not mad, just rather surprised (I wasn't expecting something like this).  
Guess I've been spoiled by Debian's (horrifyingly stale) Stable distro.  You 
find new stuff there about once every heavenly visitation, whether you need 
it or not.  ; )

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[lordsauronthegreat]

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On Sunday 23 April 2006 02:17 pm, Mick wrote:
> On 23/04/06, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com <lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com> 
wrote:
> > I've been trying to find why I am unable to use GnuPG-agent to sign my
> > messages in KMail, and rather have to type in a password in all the time
> > through KGPG.  The problem is that the GnuPG agent in the x86 area is
> > version 1.4.2.2, yet KMail demands verison 1.9
> >
> > I don't think it wise to change to ~x86, yet I still would like to use
> > GnuPG's agent.  I think my options are as such:
> >
> > 1)  Download version 1.9 from GnuPG's website and install it.  Why
> > haven't I done this?  I don't know how to install something in Gentoo
> > without it being as simple as emerge.  I don't know how to install from a
> > file on the hard drive.
> >
> > 2)  Forget KMail and signing my messages and go back to GMail.
> >
> > 3)  Continue typing in my password every time I send a email.
> >
> > 4)  Hack my way through some older versions of KMail and rip out the
> > demand for a new version of GnuPG and replace it with the older part of
> > KMail that could work with 1.4.  Not a fun idea, 'cause I want to go do
> > other things.
> >
> > I find it curious that such a problem is living in current source
> > repository for Gentoo.  I'm positive this isn't intentional, but at very
> > least I'd like to know if anything's being done to fix it.  Plus, if
> > GnuPG 1.9 is so experimental, then how can KMail need 1.9?  It makes no
> > sense to me...
>
> I've added 1.9 in /etc/portage/package.keywords like so:
> ==========================
> =app-crypt/gpg-agent-1.9.19 ~x86
> =dev-libs/libksba-0.9.12 ~x86
> =dev-libs/libassuan-0.6.10 ~x86
> ==========================
> and emerged gpg-agent.  I think that would be the easiest way to
> achieve what you want.

So I did some hunting and somewhat successfully fixed it.  However, it now 
gives me this output which I think could become problematic in the future:

--- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask: 
=dev-libs/libassuan-0.6.10 ~x86
--- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask: 
=dev-libs/libksba-0.9.12 ~x86
--- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask: 
=app-crypt/gpg-agent-1.9.19 ~x86

This isn't good.  It's emerging the stuff now, but I want to get rid of this 
(the right way, not the it's-still-broken-but-we're-pretending-it's-not way).

Anyone know what I did wrong?

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Justin Findlay]

On 4/24/06, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com <lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> So I did some hunting and somewhat successfully fixed it.  However, it now
> gives me this output which I think could become problematic in the future:
>
> --- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask:
> =dev-libs/libassuan-0.6.10 ~x86
> --- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask:
> =dev-libs/libksba-0.9.12 ~x86
> --- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask:
> =app-crypt/gpg-agent-1.9.19 ~x86

Your lines above are invalid syntax for a package.mask file, although
you shouldn't be editing files under /usr/portage/profiles as once you
do an 'emerge --sync' all your changes will be overwritten.  Instead
you should edit (create) /etc/portage/package.mask to mask packages or
edit /etc/portage/package.kewords to accept keywords for specific
packages.


Justin

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Jeremy Olexa]

Justin Findlay wrote:
> On 4/24/06, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com <lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com> wrote:
>> So I did some hunting and somewhat successfully fixed it.  However, it now
>> gives me this output which I think could become problematic in the future:
>>
>> --- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask:
>> =dev-libs/libassuan-0.6.10 ~x86
>> --- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask:
>> =dev-libs/libksba-0.9.12 ~x86
>> --- Invalid atom in /usr/portage/profiles/package.mask:
>> =app-crypt/gpg-agent-1.9.19 ~x86
> 
> Your lines above are invalid syntax for a package.mask file, although
> you shouldn't be editing files under /usr/portage/profiles as once you
> do an 'emerge --sync' all your changes will be overwritten.  Instead
> you should edit (create) /etc/portage/package.mask to mask packages or
> edit /etc/portage/package.kewords to accept keywords for specific
> packages.
> 
> 
> Justin
> 

What he said...^

Also, This page may be of help: http://gentoo-wiki.com/Masked

You are unmasking them wrong, the entries should be in
/etc/portage/package.keywords.

HTH,
Jeremy
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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[lordsauronthegreat]

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More news:

I successfully got GnuPG 1.9 installed, and then a new problem arose.  
Configuration.

I went to http://kmail.kde.org/kmail-pgpmime-howto.html#gnupg and followed the 
instructions to the best of my ability, and yet I still get this:

lsauron@localhost ~/.gnupg $ eval "$(gpg-agent --daemon)"
gpg-agent[10716]: /home/lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf:1: invalid option

so, ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf looks like this:

lsauron@localhost ~ $ cat ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
gpg-agent /usr/bin/gpg-agent
no-grab
default-cache-ttl 1800

I'm totally stumped.  I didn't find anything in /usr/local/bin like 
kmail.kde.org said, however, /usr/bin/gpg-agent is really odd in that it's 
not actually there (I don't think - I can't cd to it):

lsauron@localhost ~ $ cd /usr/bin
lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ ls | find gpg-agent
gpg-agent
lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ cd gpg-agent
bash: cd: gpg-agent: Not a directory

I'm rather confused.  Any help?  I know I did something wrong, but I'm too 
close to the solution to even entertain the thought of giving up!

Oh, and the dialog that prompted for gnupg 1.9, it now says that it detected 
the install but gpg-agent isn't running.  That's why I'm happy - I'm very 
very close to getting this thing to work!

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Alexander Skwar]

lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com wrote:
> More news:
> 
> I successfully got GnuPG 1.9 installed, and then a new problem arose.  
> Configuration.
> 
> I went to http://kmail.kde.org/kmail-pgpmime-howto.html#gnupg and followed the 
> instructions to the best of my ability, and yet I still get this:
> 
> lsauron@localhost ~/.gnupg $ eval "$(gpg-agent --daemon)"
> gpg-agent[10716]: /home/lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf:1: invalid option

The first line in the .gnupg/gpg-agent.conf is wrong. It's an
invalid option.

> I'm totally stumped.  I didn't find anything in /usr/local/bin like 

Why did you expect anything in /usr/local/bin, when you installed
a Gentoo package?

> kmail.kde.org said, however, /usr/bin/gpg-agent is really odd in that it's 
> not actually there (I don't think - I can't cd to it):

Why do you try to cd to it? What do you think that this is supposed
to do?

> lsauron@localhost ~ $ cd /usr/bin
> lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ ls | find gpg-agent
> gpg-agent
> lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ cd gpg-agent
> bash: cd: gpg-agent: Not a directory

The system is telling you, that there is something, but it's
just "Not a directory".

[10:05:09 vz6tml@dewup-ww02:~] $ cd not-there
bash: cd: not-there: No such file or directory
[10:05:11 vz6tml@dewup-ww02:~] $ cd trace.log
bash: cd: trace.log: Not a directory

> I'm rather confused.  Any help?

Get a Linux tutorial.

Alexander Skwar
-- 
Inara: "I just want to know who I'm dealing with.  I've seen too many versions
of you to be sure."

Mal: "I start fighting a war I guarantee you'll see something new."
-- 
gentoo-user@gentoo.org mailing list

Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Mick]

On 25/04/06, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com <lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com> wrote:
> More news:
>
> I successfully got GnuPG 1.9 installed, and then a new problem arose.
> Configuration.
>
> I went to http://kmail.kde.org/kmail-pgpmime-howto.html#gnupg and followed the
> instructions to the best of my ability, and yet I still get this:
>
> lsauron@localhost ~/.gnupg $ eval "$(gpg-agent --daemon)"
> gpg-agent[10716]: /home/lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf:1: invalid option
>
> so, ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf looks like this:
>
> lsauron@localhost ~ $ cat ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
> gpg-agent /usr/bin/gpg-agent
> no-grab
> default-cache-ttl 1800
>
> I'm totally stumped.  I didn't find anything in /usr/local/bin like
> kmail.kde.org said, however, /usr/bin/gpg-agent is really odd in that it's
> not actually there (I don't think - I can't cd to it):
>
> lsauron@localhost ~ $ cd /usr/bin
> lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ ls | find gpg-agent
> gpg-agent
> lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ cd gpg-agent
> bash: cd: gpg-agent: Not a directory
>
> I'm rather confused.  Any help?  I know I did something wrong, but I'm too
> close to the solution to even entertain the thought of giving up!
>
> Oh, and the dialog that prompted for gnupg 1.9, it now says that it detected
> the install but gpg-agent isn't running.  That's why I'm happy - I'm very
> very close to getting this thing to work!

I only have a couple of minutes so I apologise for not writing a
complete answer.  FWIW the gpg-agent was hard masked (yesterday?) and
just adding it to your /etc/portage/package.keywords won't work.  You
need to use package.mask instead.

However, I'm not sure why the hard masking was put in place - there
may be a good reason to stop using gpg-agent and instead switch to
another package.  What should we use instead guys?

To have gpg-agent starting automatically you need to enter  eval
"$(gpg-agent --daemon)" in the appropriate desktop manager startup
file(s).  Check the gentoo document on this topic (I can't remember if
I saw it in the wiki).  There was also an answer to one of my posts in
this mailing list on gpg.

To get it started immediately just run eval "$(gpg-agent --daemon)"
from a terminal.

More later.
--
Regards,
Mick

-- 
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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Bo Andresen]

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On Tuesday 25 April 2006 12:51, Mick wrote:
> I only have a couple of minutes so I apologise for not writing a
> complete answer.  FWIW the gpg-agent was hard masked (yesterday?) and
> just adding it to your /etc/portage/package.keywords won't work.  You
> need to use package.mask instead.
>
> However, I'm not sure why the hard masking was put in place - there
> may be a good reason to stop using gpg-agent and instead switch to
> another package.  What should we use instead guys?

# emerge -vp gpg-agent

These are the packages that would be merged, in order:

Calculating dependencies   
!!! All ebuilds that could satisfy "gpg-agent" have been masked.
!!! One of the following masked packages is required to complete your request:
- app-crypt/gpg-agent-1.9.19 (masked by: package.mask, ~x86 keyword)
# Stefan Schweizer <genstef@gentoo.org> (23 Apr 2005)
# Please use app-crypt/gnupg-1.9.* now

- app-crypt/gpg-agent-1.9.18 (masked by: package.mask, ~x86 keyword)

So:

# emerge -Cv gpg-agent
# emerge -va gnupg

-- 
Bo Andresen

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[gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[K. Mike Bradley]

I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created?

It has a /bin and /sbin with similar binaries as the root equivalents.

I have read that it's called the secondary hierarchy and it's sharable and
meant to be read only (these days) ... but what is it for and why do we have
duplication of /bin and /sbin?

Thanks.

 

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[Daniel da Veiga]

On 4/25/06, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com <lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com> wrote:
> More news:
>
> I successfully got GnuPG 1.9 installed, and then a new problem arose.
> Configuration.
>
> I went to http://kmail.kde.org/kmail-pgpmime-howto.html#gnupg and followed the
> instructions to the best of my ability, and yet I still get this:

Following instructions means also changing some parameters to meet
your system specific needs. That means that if you go and type
everything on a tutorial without understanding it, you'll probably
issue an "rm -rf /*" because a malicious online tutorial told you to.
Now, let's see, you're using GENTOO, and  need help with GNUPG,
Googling "gentoo gnupg" brings, voilá:

http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/gnupg-user.xml

>
> lsauron@localhost ~/.gnupg $ eval "$(gpg-agent --daemon)"
> gpg-agent[10716]: /home/lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf:1: invalid option

So, it reads the first line and don't understand it, so, the line is
WRONG for some reason.

>
> so, ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf looks like this:
>
> lsauron@localhost ~ $ cat ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
> gpg-agent /usr/bin/gpg-agent

Ahm, so its wrong because it is NOT a configuration option, rather a
call for the file that should read and interpret it, who the heck
wrote this config file?!

Remove this line, PLEASE.

> no-grab
> default-cache-ttl 1800
>
> I'm totally stumped.  I didn't find anything in /usr/local/bin like
> kmail.kde.org said, however, /usr/bin/gpg-agent is really odd in that it's

You won't find anything, Gentoo uses another location, why is the
binary agent of the program you wanna run odd?

> not actually there (I don't think - I can't cd to it):

Because its not a directory?! IT'S A FILE!!! A binary one, probably executable.

>
> lsauron@localhost ~ $ cd /usr/bin
> lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ ls | find gpg-agent
> gpg-agent
> lsauron@localhost /usr/bin $ cd gpg-agent
> bash: cd: gpg-agent: Not a directory

See, not a directory, told you. And so did Linux, Linux is so smart.

>
> I'm rather confused.  Any help?  I know I did something wrong, but I'm too
> close to the solution to even entertain the thought of giving up!

Follow the Gentoo Guide, be happy and read some Linux basic
instructions on files/directories/scripts, oh, and get familiar with
configuration files, they usually have a similar syntax.

>
> Oh, and the dialog that prompted for gnupg 1.9, it now says that it detected
> the install but gpg-agent isn't running.  That's why I'm happy - I'm very
> very close to getting this thing to work!

Good!

--
Daniel da Veiga
Computer Operator - RS - Brazil
-----BEGIN GEEK CODE BLOCK-----
Version: 3.1
GCM/IT/P/O d-? s:- a? C++$ UBLA++ P+ L++ E--- W+++$ N o+ K- w O M- V-
PS PE Y PGP- t+ 5 X+++ R+* tv b+ DI+++ D+ G+ e h+ r+ y++
------END GEEK CODE BLOCK------

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[gentoo-user] Initramfs question

[K. Mike Bradley]

Can anyone tell me why the latest Gentoo uses initramfs but it is loaded by
GRUB using initrd?

I though the initramfs was to be compressed into the kernel image?


kernel /boot/kernel-genkernel-x86-2.6.15-gentoo-r1 root=/dev/ram0
init=/linuxrc ramdisk=8192 real_root=/dev/sda3 udev
initrd /boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86-2.6.15-gentoo-r1


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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Justin Findlay]

On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley <kmb@mikienet.com> wrote:
> I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created?
>
> It has a /bin and /sbin with similar binaries as the root equivalents.
>
> I have read that it's called the secondary hierarchy and it's sharable and
> meant to be read only (these days) ... but what is it for and why do we have
> duplication of /bin and /sbin?

http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html


Justin

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Re: [gentoo-user] Initramfs question

[Hans-Werner Hilse]

Hi,

short note at the start: Don't hijack other threads (like you did
here), don't answer a mailing list mail but write a new one to the
list, when you want to start a new thread.

On Tue, 25 Apr 2006 11:32:52 -0400 "K. Mike Bradley" <kmb@mikienet.com>
wrote:

> Can anyone tell me why the latest Gentoo uses initramfs but it is
> loaded by GRUB using initrd?
> 
> I though the initramfs was to be compressed into the kernel image?

It can be, but it hasn't to. The kernel checks a few magic bytes in
order to check whether ram disk data placed by the bootloader into
memory is actually an initramfs or a full blown initrd (which can
contain any filesystem). Initramfs is the suggested replace mechanism
and is basically a compressed cpio archive. The method how it gets into
memory when booting hasn't changed, or better: is still compatible.

-hwh
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RE: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[K. Mike Bradley]

Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very
document.

It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin, /sbin.




-----Original Message-----
From: Justin Findlay [mailto:jfindlay@gmail.com] 
Sent: Tuesday, April 25, 2006 11:36 AM
To: gentoo-user@lists.gentoo.org
Subject: Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley <kmb@mikienet.com> wrote:
> I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created?
>
> It has a /bin and /sbin with similar binaries as the root equivalents.
>
> I have read that it's called the secondary hierarchy and it's sharable and
> meant to be read only (these days) ... but what is it for and why do we
have
> duplication of /bin and /sbin?

http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html


Justin

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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Justin Findlay]

On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley <kmb@mikienet.com> wrote:
> Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very
> document.
>
> It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin, /sbin.

/bin contains commands that may be used by both the system
administrator and by users, but which are required when no other
filesystems are mounted

/usr/bin : Most user commands

That's why.


Justin

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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Richard Fish]

On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley <kmb@mikienet.com> wrote:
> I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created?

The idea is that / can be a very small partition and contains
everything necessary to boot and administer the system, and /usr can
be a separate partition or logical volume.  Some advantages to this
setup are:

1. If the partition containing /usr is corrupted, the system will
still boot, and you have enough tools (fdisk, mkfs, tar, cpio, etc) to
repair and restore it.

2. /usr can be on a network server.

3. On the network server, exporting /usr presents no risk to /.  Even
if /usr is filled up, the server will continue to function and can
still be administered.

This is why:

- command interpreters like bash, ash, etc go in /bin
- network clients and remote shells (ssh, telnet, etc) go in /usr/bin
- network, filesystem, and disk utilities go in /bin
- large text editors (emacs, etc) go in /usr/bin
- small text editors (vi, vim) go in /bin
- X, KDE, Gnome, et al are in /usr
- and so on...

That said, you wll find a lot of desktop systems (mine included) that
have / and /usr on the same filesystem.  It's a matter of taste and
what you will be using the system for whether you should make /usr a
separate filesystem or not.

-Richard

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RE: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[K. Mike Bradley]

Thank you Richard.
That answers my question very well.




-----Original Message-----
From: richard.j.fish@gmail.com [mailto:richard.j.fish@gmail.com] On Behalf
Of Richard Fish
Sent: Tuesday, April 25, 2006 12:14 PM
To: gentoo-user@lists.gentoo.org
Subject: Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley <kmb@mikienet.com> wrote:
> I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created?

The idea is that / can be a very small partition and contains
everything necessary to boot and administer the system, and /usr can
be a separate partition or logical volume.  Some advantages to this
setup are:

1. If the partition containing /usr is corrupted, the system will
still boot, and you have enough tools (fdisk, mkfs, tar, cpio, etc) to
repair and restore it.

2. /usr can be on a network server.

3. On the network server, exporting /usr presents no risk to /.  Even
if /usr is filled up, the server will continue to function and can
still be administered.

This is why:

- command interpreters like bash, ash, etc go in /bin
- network clients and remote shells (ssh, telnet, etc) go in /usr/bin
- network, filesystem, and disk utilities go in /bin
- large text editors (emacs, etc) go in /usr/bin
- small text editors (vi, vim) go in /bin
- X, KDE, Gnome, et al are in /usr
- and so on...

That said, you wll find a lot of desktop systems (mine included) that
have / and /usr on the same filesystem.  It's a matter of taste and
what you will be using the system for whether you should make /usr a
separate filesystem or not.

-Richard

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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Herman Grootaers]

On Tuesday 25 April 2006 18:00, K. Mike Bradley wrote:
> Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very
> document.
>
> It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin,
> /sbin.
>
>
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Justin Findlay [mailto:jfindlay@gmail.com]
> Sent: Tuesday, April 25, 2006 11:36 AM
> To: gentoo-user@lists.gentoo.org
> Subject: Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr
>
> On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley <kmb@mikienet.com> wrote:
> > I wonder if anyone can explain why /usr was created?
> >
> > It has a /bin and /sbin with similar binaries as the root
> > equivalents.
> >
> > I have read that it's called the secondary hierarchy and it's
> > sharable and meant to be read only (these days) ... but what is it
> > for and why do we
>
> have
>
> > duplication of /bin and /sbin?
>
The duplications is of old. The binaries are to be stored 
in /sbin; /bin; /usr/bin; /usr/sbin and optionally in /opt/bin 
or /opt/sbin.

The division is not so strange as it seems. In */sbin the binaries 
placed are used by the systemuser root, that means the binaries can be 
used by anyone. in */bin the binaries are under user-control that is 
they are owned by the user who created the binary. In /sbin are 
therefore the general utilities which are necessary to boot the system, 
in /bin the rest of the utilities, in /usr and /opt are placed the 
programs which are installed by the user. The first one is for the 
standard applications, the latter is for the optional software, 
although some will install in /usr.

Problem however is that the different writers of software do not comply 
with this division and come up with an other scheme to install their 
software. That makes maintenance of a system with parts of more than 
one distribution harder to maintain than in a single distribution, It 
also makes tracking down bugs harder.

I hope this will help.

== 
Herman Grootaers
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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Richard Fish]

On 4/25/06, K. Mike Bradley <kmb@mikienet.com> wrote:
> Thank you Richard.

BTW, on this list it is considered polite to quote messages above your
replies (no top-posting), and to trim the quoted message down to just
the necessary parts.

-Richard

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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[znx]

Hi,

I know the question has already been answered but a little bit of time
ago I wrote this in response to a similar question. I hope it helps
others that are reading the q.

http://www.linux-noob.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2120

Mark

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Re: [gentoo-user] GnuPG Trouble - Found Problem, Need Solution

[lordsauronthegreat]

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On Tuesday 25 April 2006 08:16 am, Daniel da Veiga wrote:
> On 4/25/06, lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com <lordsauronthegreat@gmail.com> 
wrote:
> > More news:
> >
> > I successfully got GnuPG 1.9 installed, and then a new problem arose.
> > Configuration.
> >
> > I went to http://kmail.kde.org/kmail-pgpmime-howto.html#gnupg and
> > followed the instructions to the best of my ability, and yet I still get
> > this:
>
> Following instructions means also changing some parameters to meet
> your system specific needs. That means that if you go and type
> everything on a tutorial without understanding it, you'll probably
> issue an "rm -rf /*" because a malicious online tutorial told you to.

Even I'm not quite that dumb ; )

I'm a webmaster with PHP5, I would know about the little rm -r thing.  People 
like to slip "; rm -rf /" into web forms in hopes the input somewhere goes 
through a bash shell.  In that event your server will commit suicide on all 
drives currently mounted.  That's why we use special input strippers which 
yank such things as the semicolon out of the input to foil the plot.

> Now, let's see, you're using GENTOO, and  need help with GNUPG,
> Googling "gentoo gnupg" brings, voilá:

Well, after not finding anything about gpg in /usr/local/bin, I thought I'd 
try /usr/bin.  It was a good attempt.

> http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/gnupg-user.xml
>
> > lsauron@localhost ~/.gnupg $ eval "$(gpg-agent --daemon)"
> > gpg-agent[10716]: /home/lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf:1: invalid option
>
> So, it reads the first line and don't understand it, so, the line is
> WRONG for some reason.

I gathered that much.

> > so, ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf looks like this:
> >
> > lsauron@localhost ~ $ cat ~lsauron/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
> > gpg-agent /usr/bin/gpg-agent
>
> Ahm, so its wrong because it is NOT a configuration option, rather a
> call for the file that should read and interpret it, who the heck
> wrote this config file?!

It was adapted from www.kmail.kde.org, so I sort of trusted them a bit.  Not 
too far (since they were using a very "put your path here" thing and I made a 
guess at the path and was wrong - end of story).

> Remove this line, PLEASE.

I tried and it worked.  No clue why....  I'll investigate later.

Thanks.  I wouldn't have figured out about deleting the line on my own (I 
don't often kill things and then see if the thing works, rather I try and 
mangle it until it does.  It's just my method of approaching a problem).

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RE: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[K. Mike Bradley]

Sorry I top posted.
Forgot I was on a Linux list.

I am used to Windows people and if I bottom post they wonder why there is a
reply with no message.

Thanks to all of you.
That really helped my understanding.



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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Dirk Heinrichs]

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Am Dienstag, 25. April 2006 18:00 schrieb ext K. Mike Bradley:

> Thanks for the URL, but I had this question after reading this very
> document.
>
> It doesn't explain the history or the reason there are two /bin, /sbin.

It's from the very beginning of Unix. Harddisks where small (or they even 
used tapes), so /*bin contained only enough stuff to boot the system and 
mount more filesystems, which contained the stuff needed by the users 
(thus /usr).

HTH...

	Dirk
-- 
Dirk Heinrichs          | Tel:  +49 (0)162 234 3408
Configuration Manager   | Fax:  +49 (0)211 47068 111
Capgemini Deutschland   | Mail: dirk.heinrichs@capgemini.com
Hambornerstraße 55      | Web:  http://www.capgemini.com
D-40472 Düsseldorf      | ICQ#: 110037733
GPG Public Key C2E467BB | Keyserver: www.keyserver.net

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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Dirk Heinrichs]

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Am Dienstag, 25. April 2006 20:11 schrieb ext Herman Grootaers:
> The division is not so strange as it seems. In */sbin the binaries
> placed are used by the systemuser root, that means the binaries can be
> used by anyone. in */bin the binaries are under user-control that is
> they are owned by the user who created the binary.

Neither /bin nor /usr/bin is under user control. They just contain tools 
which can be used by unpriviledged users.

> In /sbin are 
> therefore the general utilities which are necessary to boot the system,
> in /bin the rest of the utilities, in /usr and /opt are placed the
> programs which are installed by the user. The first one is for the
> standard applications, the latter is for the optional software,
> although some will install in /usr.

No, sorry, this is simply wrong. /sbin and /bin contain the things necessary 
at boot time, /sbin should only be relevant to root, while /bin contains 
things which can be _used_ by anyone. /usr/bin and /usr/sbin contains 
things which are not anymore relevant for booting (read: to mount other 
filesystems). However, the distinction between /usr/bin and /usr/sbin is 
the same as for /bin and /sbin.

Bye...

	Dirk
-- 
Dirk Heinrichs          | Tel:  +49 (0)162 234 3408
Configuration Manager   | Fax:  +49 (0)211 47068 111
Capgemini Deutschland   | Mail: dirk.heinrichs@capgemini.com
Hambornerstraße 55      | Web:  http://www.capgemini.com
D-40472 Düsseldorf      | ICQ#: 110037733
GPG Public Key C2E467BB | Keyserver: www.keyserver.net

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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Dirk Heinrichs]

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Am Mittwoch, 26. April 2006 02:39 schrieb ext K. Mike Bradley:

> I am used to Windows people and if I bottom post they wonder why there is
> a reply with no message.

Try to explain it to them. http://www.netmeister.org/news/learn2quote.html 
should help.

Bye...

	Dirk
-- 
Dirk Heinrichs          | Tel:  +49 (0)162 234 3408
Configuration Manager   | Fax:  +49 (0)211 47068 111
Capgemini Deutschland   | Mail: dirk.heinrichs@capgemini.com
Hambornerstraße 55      | Web:  http://www.capgemini.com
D-40472 Düsseldorf      | ICQ#: 110037733
GPG Public Key C2E467BB | Keyserver: www.keyserver.net

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Re: [gentoo-user] Newbie question re: /usr

[Neil Bothwick]

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On Tue, 25 Apr 2006 20:39:25 -0400, K. Mike Bradley wrote:

> I am used to Windows people and if I bottom post they wonder why there
> is a reply with no message.

Either they are using small screens/large fonts or you need to trim your
quotes. It shouldn't usually be necessary to quote so much before your
first response that there is no original comment visible.


-- 
Neil Bothwick

No program done by a hacker will work unless he is on the system.

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